computers in education :: essays research papers

It is now about fifteen years since microcomputers and therefore educational computing began to appear in schools. Since that time there has been much excitement with regard to the role that these machines would have on education in our schools. During that fifteen years, we have seen some(prenominal) examples of uses of computers in school. Teachers experimented with this technology in their teaching. These teachers spent many hours of their own time coming to grips with this technology and setting up activities. As time has progessed, so has the accent placed on educational computing. These changes of emphasis are the result of many changes in computers like, increased power and capabilities of hardware and software, increased availability of the technology in schools, advances in other technologies such(prenominal) as communications technologies.The introduction of computers into schools has not significantly changed the way teachers teach. Some possible reasons for this would include High school students development computers as part of their studies began in the early - mid 1970s. In most cases this took the form of students and teachers accessing remotely and centrally located mainframe computers indirectly (through specially attach cards sent in via post). The students took elementary computer programming exercises in a language like Fortran to run on the machine.. Generally there was no direct access to a computer in their school. The role of the traditional teacher in these circumstances was hardly affected. At the same time teachers in at least one state could request printouts of randomly generated sets of arithmetic problems, together with answers. These were then duplicated for the class to work through. Other types of activities like mazes and spelling games such as jumbled words and wordmazes were also operational. Teachers from both primary and secondary schools availed themselves of this service. The role of the teacher continued to be o ne of selecting the resources required for use deep down their teaching just as it would have been had computers not been around. Towards the end of the 1970s, microcomputers began to appear on the market. Machines like the Apple II, Tandy TRS-80 and Commodore PET and BBC Model B began to gain popularity. learning Department had purchased some computers which were loaned to schools for short periods of time. The beginning of the 1980s saw the first awakenings that computers may well have a place within schools themselves. Suddenly there was available a relatively low cost, small, yet powerful computer which did not need the progamming skills of the computers of earlier.

Essay --

The Gothic novel, Wuthering senior high by Emily Bront can be depicted as a novel that lacks a molar. Heathcliff, the protagonist of the novel, lacks many characteristics of a traditional hero therefore, causes him to reflect the definition of a villain in a work of literature. Wuthering senior high illustrates that a predictable hero is not presented and that Heathcliff is the antithesis of a hero in the novel. Heathcliff is characterized as a vengeful character, who becomes destroyed and corrupted due to his rejection from Catherine, his overwhelming jealousy, and his mistreatment as a child by Hindley. He is a cynical character and due to his cruel and wicked attitude that grows throughout the novel, he grows to be a villain. Wuthering Heights lacks what a reader might assume to be an established hero. The novel lacks a hero due to the protagonists personality, actions, and use of his qualities towards specific characters. Heathcliff, who develops into a wicked character from a young age, lacks heroic attributions because he shifts roles from a young age. Heathcliff develops into a misanthrope and a ...man who seemed more exaggeratedly reserved than myself. as described by Lockwood (4). Heathcliff grows up to become isolated from the rest of the world, having obtained Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grange after his true loves, Catherines, death. Although Heathcliff portrays hero related characteristics, he does not utilize his traits in appropriate situations or in acceptable ways, which causes the story to lack a hero figure. Heathcliff does not use his traits to present the archetypal hero in the work of literature. He has been treated harshly as a child himself however, he uses his past to fulfill his future. Heathclif... ..., the protagonist of the novel, lacks many characteristics of a traditional hero therefore, causes him to reflect the definition of a villain. Due to his wicked and vengeful attitude that grows throughout the novel, Heathclif f grows to be a villain. Although he was mistreated as a child, he utilizes and carries out his past to continue his future, which still caused him pain and suffering in the end. Heathcliff took service and sought revenge over the ones who mistreated him, which is why he can be characterized as a major villain and why the novel Wuthering Heights lacks a hero. Although Heathcliff and Catherine illustrate an endless love, the two characters take advantage of each other and cause harm to one another in numerous ways. They do not feel sympathetic towards each other because they both state how they have killed each other emotionally and mentally.

Revolution :: essays research papers

RevolutionDestruction of statues, screaming in the streets, rash actions, hasty decisions, and adrenaline-influenced outbursts. Prim and proper, fancy meetings, organized schedules, time for tea, and the thought of perfection. impart opposites are bound to clash at sometime or another, and for America, that time was now. The movie Revolution shows us movingly and realistically how the Revolutionary War was lead up to, how the years of battles continued, and how finally victory was attained.Poor King George III had no idea what hit him. All of the colonies now had their stimulate governments to lean on, their own Declaration of Independence already being passed out among the people, and their own volunteer army. The famous Liberty or Death was their cry. No more repression for the people of America, they believed that idol was on their side, and it was time for freedom. When the battles began, first they were tiny squabbles that were simple and not messy. But as time passed, so d id being civilized, eachthing and everything that would hurt the enemy in any way that could be done, was done. For that reason, on top of others, hospitals were needed. They were lacking in every department except for amputation. But since sanitary conditions were impossible, almost all had their wounds infected, and would die from the wake of that. During battles there was always a flag present. No matter what happened, there was always someone carrying the flag. As soon as someone would get interpreted out, another would run and pick it up to show that you just cant keep a good man down. Also, when people traveled in and out of battle areas, they would need flags to show their business and whom they supported. For example, if a wagon came in that brought rations for the colonists, they would first need to pay a toll, have an American flag, and a white flag to show they werent in battle. But usually, and unfortunately, in the heat of madness and testosterone, those battle codes were not heeded. The fighting tactics were primitive. It usually was to clear the other army move back a smidgen, take a break, then try again to kill, kill, kill. For the British, when a battle was won over a colony, they would parade through the streets with the remaining soldiers, the wounded and captured American soldiers. Any person who didnt support the British was taken prisoner and was used as examples for the others.

How would I write a Native American History textbook? :: Essays Papers

How would I write a Native Ameri ordure tale textbook? wherefore does one write a history in a book? Most historians argue that the events and beliefs of the past constitute who we are today to understand new structures of society and government, we must devote ourselves to understanding the struggles, failures and triumphs of our forefathers. Yet as events and beliefs are recorded and transmitted, the interpretative bias of historians come through with(predicate) the pages of text-books. Interpreting the interpretations of historians is the vital duty of readers to develop critical awareness of bias, stereotpye and discrimination. I see two existing veins of intention in recording history the history of Native Americans I can seek to either exalt the success of westbound ways of life in describing the conquest and consequential transformation (civilization) of primitive cultures into a Western way of life, or alternatively, I can seek to enhance and rejuvenate the cultural real ities of our own time by articulating the history of Native Americans from a antithetical perspective and emphasize past and present connections.In crafting a textbook of my own choice, I would emphasize three major movements and intrinsic arguments in the History of Native Americans. First, I would deliver a clear and extensive history of pre-contact experience and culture. In describing Mississippian societies, western cliff dwellings like Mesa Verde, and earthen-village houses of the plains, I would foreground the complex matrilineal property rights and parenting restrictions also inherent in Native American cultures. I would draw special attention to the politics of marriage and chemical attraction ties, the practice of rearing children and caring for the elderly, and the hierarchy of villages and mother towns that draw populations together as allies in time of war fare.Within this first section, I would also offer a brief rendition of mythology and creationism, and assert th at Native Americans possess the collective rights of indigenous peoples in the continent of North America. I would repeat Marshalls argument that first is not the pivotal word in discerning indigenism, but the word always Native Americans claim to redeem always inhabited the continent and I would offer my support of their claim. Furthermore, I would discuss the politics of indigenous survival, and emphasize the gravity of cultural depravity through economic exploitation and usurption of resources I would demand that history be remembered. The second movement I would emphasize is the four centuries of European conquest and colonialism.

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Kidneys are rattling important organs. Their main responsibility is to filter harmful toxins from the blood, which are then excreted in the urine. The urine then flows finished the ureters and into the bladder. When the bladder is full, the sensation to urinate arises and the urine is emptied through the urethra. Sometimes the crystals that are found in urine bind together and become big rich to develop into a kidney stone. I have yet to encounter anyone who has had this issue, but I have heard from other people that kidney stones can be rattling painful. Knowing the flow of urine and how small ureters are gives me chills just thinking about the pain someone might have to endure.Kidney stones differ in sizing and shape and can either be smooth or pointy. They can be the size of a sand particle or the size of a golf ball. There are even some stones that can fill the entire kidney these are known as staghorn stones. Infections are the usual culprits for this type of stone . Calcium, very common in dairy products, is what the majority of stones are created from. Other chemicals tha...

Essay --

Kidneys are very important organs. Their main responsibility is to filter harmful toxins from the blood, which are then excreted in the piddle. The urine then flows through the ureters and into the bladder. When the bladder is full, the sensation to urinate arises and the urine is emptied through the urethra. Sometimes the crystals that are found in urine bind together and perform big enough to develop into a kidney stone. I have yet to encounter anyone who has had this issue, but I have heard from other people that kidney stones understructure be very painful. Knowing the flow of urine and how small ureters are gives me chills just thinking about the pain someone might have to endure.Kidney stones dissent in size and shape and can either be smooth or pointy. They can be the size of a sand particle or the size of a golf ball. There are even some stones that can fill the entire kidney these are known as staghorn stones. Infections are the rough-cut culprits for this type of stone. Calcium, very common in dairy products, is what the majority of stones are created from. Other chemicals tha...

Cruise holidays (written for Punyabhumi Ltd)

If your kids or grandchildren induct been raving some the adventures of Captain Jack Sparrow at sea, then by chance its epoch you discovered the altogetherure of the ocean for yourself Were non talking about meeting pirates or find gold doubloons on change posture enraptures, still luxuriating in the sheer bliss of sailing on a cruise liner. Whether youre a stressed-out professional who hardly gets to see their partner on weekdays, a single person looking for romance and adventure, or a pargonnt whos longing for some family time with your children and spouse, theres some issue about cruises that appeals to every atomic number 53A cruise vacation is a wonderfully unique opportunity to experience the romance of the sea as well as the appeal of foreign destinations, and is a charming way to spend a few days of quality time with your partner. Most cruises pack so often into a couple on of daysluxurious cabins, lazy walks on the deck, gourmet meals, entertainment shows, rifle bands, swimming pools complete with Jacuzzis, shopping and sight-seeing at exquisite portsthat the cruise is the perfect prompt fix to chase your blues away, and have you walking on air for weeks to comeThe two most popular cruise destinations from Chennai are Phuket and Colombo, both managed by the SuperStar Libra operators. The Libra is a state-of-the-art ocean liner, touted as a world-class luxury floating resort where the service is warm and the accommodations ritzy. The ship offers you all the facilities you would expect from a five-star resort mouth- peeing menus at every meal, internet access, medical care, shopping and even conference and meeting rooms for those workaholics who neediness to catch up with business as they relax The liner has a br swallow uphtaking ten decks, with over seven hundred luxury cabins.It can conform to over one thousand and four hundred passengers on a single cruise. There are rooms ranging from the aristocratic executive suites (Rs 21,999/- per iniquity per passenger) to the ocean-view staterooms (ranging from Rs 7,200 to Rs 11,000 per night per passenger, depending on the kind of view military serviceable from each cabin) with a choice of cabins with portholes, so you can gaze at the dazzlingly-clear night sky as you suck off contentedly into sleep at night ). The Libra too features several restaurants on board, each offering you a tastefully organized dine experience.Check out Coconut Willys, the poolside restaurant where you can lurk in your swimsuit and sample the delightful menu, or the Pool Bar, which is exclusively for soak ups and enticing cocktails. For a more formal dining experience, visit the Saffron, which features traditional Indian vegetarian meals, including Jain cuisine there is similarly the enchanting Four Seasons restaurant for those who prefer Continental meals. If youre taking the kids on, chances are you wont be able to tear them away from the aptly-named Lickety Splits, the ice-cream bar s traight out of a childs version of paradiseAnd where do we even begin to describe the various entertainment rooms? Theres The Bollywood, which is the karaoke lounge the Galaxy of the Stars, a cocktail lounge with a live band the discotheque, Boomers Video Planet, for those compulsive gamers who periodically feel the need to blast the stuffing out of animated villains, and much, much more The Libra cruise to Phuket gives you terce days and four nights of memorable sailing. This is a typical game sea cruise, meaning that its the closest thing to heaven for those who require nothing more than to bask in the enchantment that three continuous days of open water can give youPhuket as well as offers you the delight of turquoise waters and exploration in its rustic villages. The Libra Chennai-Colombo cruise is for three days and two nights, which includes one complete day of the high sea experience. Indian Holiday Pvt Ltd organizes cruises for you, and online meshings are available at www. indian holiday. com. To book a cruise on the Libra, go to www. indianholiday. com/star-cruise-packages/star-cruise-libra. Indian Holiday organizes cruises from their Mumbai office only. To contrive your cruise with a Chennai operator, contact run low Air Madras, featured below.If you want a wider choice of destinations, check out the cruises that operate from Mumbai. As Ms Gupta from Travel Air Madras tells us, Mumbai is the most flourishing point of departure for cruises to ever-popular destinations such as Mauritius and Lakshadweep. The four-night Cochin/Goa cruise is an excellent option, which draws you from historical fortifications to ravishing beaches in the space of three days This cruise operates between December and February, so plan your trip accordingly. February is the best time, neither harshly cold nor uncomfortably warm, and there is very slim chance of stormy weather.The Lakshadweep/Goa cruise for four nights has two shore stops, Kadmat and Goa. Kadmat is a n island paradise, just eight kilometres long and half a kilometre wide If youre the intrepid type, you can indulge in water sports like scuba-diving, parasailing, snorkeling and kayaking at Kadmats gorgeous lagoons, or if youd prefer, just lie back and drink in the vivid blue of the ocean from one of the memorable glass-bottomed tourist boats (Swimming skills are mandatory for all water sports, and children under fourteen years cannot participate in diving. The water at Kadmat is crystal clear, and you can gaze at the vibrant marine life up to a depth of an amazing 50 metres. This cruise operates four times a month between October and April every year. Travel Air Madras is a tour operator which plans your cruise right from booking your air just the tickets to Mumbai and finding you a cruise holiday to suit your tastes and requirements. Rates begin at approximately Rs 5000/- per night per person (excluding taxes). The one- and two-night cruises on the Libra feature Goa as the mos t popular destination, while three-night cruises take you to Kadmat in Lakshadweep and bring you back.Rates are inclusive of three meals a day, access to the onboard swimming pool, Jacuzzi and gym, and live entertainment shows in exquisite lounge areas on the ship, which has a professional live band if you want to add to the music of the waves Air Travel Madras also offers special seasonal discounts for example, the Valentines Day discount is for cruises booked up to March 1st, and gives you an attractive 50% off on your partners fare. To avail of this offer, you need to complete your cruise by April 14th. Call 2852-3095 or 2852-1623, or email Usha at u. emailprotected com for more details. If you want a less touristy cruise, you could also consider a river cruise to the enigmatic Sundarbans. Two luxury river launches, the M. V. Chitrarekha and the M. V. Madhukar, make weekly two-day trips which take you into the heart of the mangrove forests to observe the enchanting wildlife and d rift along the delta created by the Ganga and the Brahmaputra. Both ships include upper observation decks. The gourmet Bengali meals alone are worth the experience Entertainment includes on-board dancing.The best time to take this river cruise is between September and March, when you also get the chance to see rare migratory birds. So leave your copy of Amitav Ghoshs The Hungry tide at home on your bookshelf, and witness the charms of the famed diving dolphins for yourself. You can even catch a glimpse of the Bengal tigers sunbathing on the banks This cruise is operated by the political sciences tourism department, and departs from Kolkata (just a couple of hours from Chennai by air). A two-day trip costs Rs 2500/- per passenger during the tourist season, and off-season rates are Rs 1175/- per passenger.You can book your ticket at the Bengal Tourism office located at 2, Brabourne Road, Kolkata. Call 033-2225-4565/8183/4723-25 or email emailprotected net. Vivada Cruises has also int roduced Sundarbans cruises from January 2007 with the luxury cruiser Paramahamsa, featuring three decks and over thirty elegant cabins, as well as restaurants, a gymnasium, and a library with internet connectivity. The package is priced at Rs 20,000 per passenger for the Luxury class, and Rs 15,000 per passenger for the Comfort class. For a fascinate voyage through a near-pristine land, book yourself on the ParamahamsaWith its contemporary interiors and tranquil ambience, the cruiser is also the perfect venue for business conferences and wedding receptions. Call 033-2463-1990/1/2/3 or email emailprotected com or emailprotected com. With Star Cruises, the worlds third largest cruise company, now operating in India, we now have local access to a special experience from our make ports which equal international standards of quality and luxury. A cruise is a wonderful experience at any time, but you may want to consider one to commemorate a special occasion such as your twenty-fifth we dding anniversary.For those who want to nudge their parents into rediscovering romance during a second honeymoon, a cruise holiday package is also a gift that your parents are sure to cherish forever and a day So if youve been thinking of stealing your spouse away from the routines of everyday life, or if you want to remember an unforgettable occasion in an exceptional way, consider treating yourself to this holiday experience like no other Article 2 Fort St George (written for Ritz magazine) History in Our Own Backyard Date 20 February, 1640 A. D. Place A small, characterless fishing village on the Coromandel coastA small band of British soldiers land for the first time on the East Coast of India. Realizing readily that they will need to work fast if they are to claim this territory before the French do, they set to work creating a garrison. They are hard-pressed for land, but a local farmer called Madrasan offers them the use of his banana grove. The Raja of Chandragiri, the las t of the great rulers of the Vijayanagar empire, accedes to their request. Two months later, their military base is established and christened Fort St George. And thus, the city of Madras is born.They separate that old buildings are silent, watchful observers of history. From the beginnings of the British Raj, this familiar fort has witnessed the evolution of one of Indias largest cities. Fort St George in Chennai has the somewhat dubious distinction of cosmos the first fort that the British built in India. More importantly, however, the fort made the small settlement of Madraspatnam a flourishing port, and its not an mimicry to say that had this fort not been built, Madras would not have developed into a city. Built a mere forty-four years after the East India trading company arrived in India in 1600 A.D. , Fort St George helped the British establish a fortification on the east coast, and remains one of the most famous landmarks of the city. The fort was named after St George, the patron saint of England. The British used the fort as their main settlement in India until 1774, when they declared Calcutta as the seat of their administration. The fort not only helped the British establish a settlement in the small South Indian fishing village, but also to create a stronghold from which to defend themselves against the forces of the neighbouring kingdoms.Arcot and Srirangapatnam were not far away, and the French had taken Pondicherry. Had the British not built the fort, it may have proved difficult for them to establish their power in the south. Consequently, they invested much effort in fortifying the area. The fort is surrounded by walls that are over six metres high, as well as a formidable-looking moat. Although its tantalizing to think that vicious crocodiles once swam in the waters of the moat to terrorize the enemy, legend has it that the moat was created not so much to defend the fort as to keep inquisitive natives away from it.The British called th e fort area their White Town, as opposed to the Black Town outside its walls, where the coloured people lived. condescension its name, the fort is not really a fort, but more a collection of buildings made by the British in the Neoclassical style, many a(prenominal) of which were remodeled in subsequent times. Within a couple of decades after the fort was put togethered, St Marys Church also came to be erected within the fort area. The church, the oldest British one in India, is often described as the Westminster Abbey of the East. According to popular opinion, St Marys is also the oldest British church outside Europe.The church also found itself being used as a military dormitory for three brief years, when the French seized it from the British from 1746 to 1749. Dont forget to take a peek into the visitors book when you visitit still has comments dating back over a hundred years Opposite the church are Clive House and Wellesley House, named after the respective governors who li ved in them (Wellesley later went on to become the Duke of Wellington, and defeated Napoleon at Waterloo). Robert Clive was married in St Marys Church, as was Elihu Yale, the founder of Yale University.Yale, who was Governor of the city and is said to have made his fortune in India, had a 46-metre teak flagpole erected, from which it is believed that the Union Jack was unfurled for the first time in India. The pole was actually the mast of a ship that was wrecked in the seventeenth century. It still stands today, bearing, of course, a different flag The original teak, however, was replaced with metal in 1994. This flagpole is the oldest in the country. Although the government has its Secretariat in the offices of Clive House, much of it is also a grand museum. The Fort Museum is open from 10 a. m. to 5 p. . on all days except Fridays, and includes ten galleries with relics from the British and French empires. The magnificent banqueting hall on the first floor has portraits of the ea rliest governors, and there are many remnants of the British era, including palanquins, coins, weapons, paintings and manuscripts. You can also see as large, imposing statue of Lord Cornwallis, as well as documents hand-written by Cornwallis and Clive. The statue depicts a sad scene tipu tree Sultans two young sons being handed over to the British because their father was unable to pay the large sum of money demanded by Cornwallis.Tipu Sultans cannons can be seen outside the museum. Both Aurangzeb and Hyder Ali also attacked the fort several times in the eighteenth century, but it was so well-fortified that they could not break its defences. The pentagon-shaped gun ramparts slope down to the moat, and were once connected to five drawbridges that led to the fort. These bridges have since been replaced by roads. From the first landing of the British to the tsunami, the fort has witnessed almost four centuries of Chennais history. Will it still be there in another four hundred years t ime, its walls as impassive and unchanged?One can only wonder Article 3 Barry Burn Lodge, South Africa (written for a travel website) Barry Burn Lodge is situated in the gorgeous Lowveld area, a small, serene world of timeless beauty. Enjoy sunsets of unrivalled beauty. Fresh breezes greet each warm tropical day. In this tranquil spot, the superlative and the sun create the perfect tropical climate to vacation in Some of Africas most memorable sights will delight you here. The estate is a collierys throw away from the must-see Kruger National Park.The accommodation includes a stylish open-plan dining room and kitchen, fully operational for your culinary needs, and with the added convenience of a fridge, stove, microwave and dishwasher. Barry Burn Lodge also offers laundry services with a washing machine and tumble dryer. Relax at the well-furnished lounge and bar, equipped with a fireplace which creates a wonderfully cozy ambience on chilly evenings. The lounge opens out on to a b eautiful sundeck with braai facilities, which is a magnificent riding horse in which to absorb the serene beauty of your surroundings, or to unwind after a hard days vacationingUpstairs, discover the joys of a dome room with TV and M-Net (DSTV dish is available, but you need to carry your own decoder. The loft leads on to a charming balcony from which to enjoy a sundowner, with a visionary panoramic view of the expansive, lush green fairways of the Golf Estate. The accommodation at Barry Burn Lodge includes 4 bedrooms, all with bathrooms en-suite, containing 2 double bedrooms with Queen sizing beds, as well as 2 bedrooms with 2 single beds in each. Bed linen and bath towels are available for your necessities. Please carry your own swimming towels.There are several delightful activities to enjoy in and around Barry Burn Lodge. Enjoy the facilities of a championship golf course, with its picturesque fairways, water obstacles, and vibrant bird life. Other sporting activities offered include tennis and squash arranged by the club. Barry Burn Lodge also invites you to revel in beautiful and awe-inspiring scenic drives to historic places. Just a few of these historic places which can inspire and delight you are the Mac-Mac Falls, Graskop, Sodwana Caves, Pilgrims Rest, Gods Window, and Blyde River Canyon.The estate also shares a band with the remarkable Lake Longmere, where you can unwind as you indulge in fishing, boating, or even mountain biking. Visit Greenway Woods Resort and Conference Centre, eat out at Olivers Restaurant, or treat yourself to Casterbridge Farm, a homecraft, antique, museum and entertainment centre. Also very enjoyable is the Barnyard Theatre, 3 km towards White River town, where live shows are presented on most weekends dont miss it The Riverside Mall/Casino, only a 20-minute drive from the Estate, is also worth a visit.

Genetically Modified Food Essay

Genetically modified (GM) foods atomic number 18 ethically unacceptable. GM foods are food production derived in whole or part from a catchingally modified organism by human intention. It is a special set of technologies that concerns the alteration, deletion, or profit of the genetic makeup of living organisms such as animals, plants, or bacteria.This is an important issue because GM foods have been dubbed as the Food of the Future and although studies have shown that genetically modified foods may bring about many benefits to mankind, we must also look into the ethical issues involved in producing such food before we however consider accepting it as the flair of the future. First, we must understand that the word ethical is defined as having to do with ethics or morality or of conforming to moral standards.There will be 3 parts to this essay. Firstly, I will be presenting and defending 2 arguments that support my stand. Following that, Ill take into consideration some common objections a run intost my thesis. Lastly, I will summarize the main points in this essay before drawing to a conclusion. The essays argument takes the form of Modus Ponens If GM is X, GM is unethicalGM is X GM is unethicalMy main argument is that it is unethical to tamping bar with genius by mixing genes among the different species. By doing so, it may actually lead to a violation of natural organisms intrinsic values. There is a very delicate ratio that links this universe together and this is the balance that makes things work. GM foods top executive actually get out rise to more complications such as the disturbance of natures food pyramid.For example, the pesticide produced in the crop may unintentionally harm other cr tuckerures while producing a benefit to others. The introduction of pest-resistant genes into crops could lead to the death of the pests and other animals causation an imbalance in the food chain that could possibly lead to the extinction of some species especially if they are only localized in one peculiar(prenominal) area.In Britain, a native farm bird, the Skylark, was indirectly affected by the introduction of GM sugar beets that were designed to resist herbicides. The result in position this crop was that weeds were reduced substantially. However, since the birds rely on the seeds of this weed in autumn and winter, researchers expect that up to 80% of the Skylark population would have to regulate other pixilateds of finding food. Another issue brought up is that GM crops may also pose a health risk to native animals that eat the plants and may be poisoned by the built-in pesticides.Although others might also argue that the cutting down of trees to construct buildings might also be a way of tampering with nature, GM food not just tampers with physical nature but with the foundation of nature genes. Every organism, no matter how downcast, is made up of genes. These genes control the physical development and behavior of the organism and are passed down from parent to offspring. The word genes (comes from the Greek word genos meaning origin) actually defines natures origin and the production of GM food would mean to change the origin of nature.Furthermore, religious communities Christians, Hindus, Jews and Muslims also share such concerns regarding GM products. According to Bishop Jeff Davies from the SA Council of Churches, With genetic engineering, we are tampering with the structures of life that have taken millions of years to evolve and we have the arrogance to think that we can improve on them in 10 years to transfer a gene from one species into another. Different religious communities have different believes and one of them would be their food such as kosher and halal food.But with the introduction of animal genes into plants how will they define a tomato with a fish gene? This will also be a major concern to vegetarians. All in all, I believe that people should be happy with what nature has to give and not play God and listen to control nature. It is unethical to sacrifice other creatures and meddle with the delicate balance of nature. Furthermore, there will be potential chain reactions that may be unstoppable. adept other argument is how GM products can affect our health especially in the long run. The unpredictable changes in our food could lead to negative reactions that are not detected by research techniques until much later. A quick acceptance of GE foods without proper testing could show corporate profitability to be very influential but that would be too dangerous because there has been no adequate safety testing to ensure that using other organisms genes is going to have the same useful effects if inserted into a totally unrelated species.Furthermore, testing has only been done on a small scale currently and its hard to predict what will happen when its used on a wider ecology. In 1989, dozens of Americans died and several thousands were discompose and impair ed by a genetically altered version of the food supplement L-tryptophan. Studies have been done to show how viruses can mix with genes of other viruses to give rise to more deadly viruses. To mass market the use of GM food when it has not been properly tested for safety issues would mean that businesses are gaining at the expense of consumers health and is therefore ethically unacceptable.On the other hand, some organizations insist that GM technology is the solution to solving the problem of world hurt. However, I feel that it is patently a ploy of corporations and countries that are using the plight of the developing world as a marketing strategy to gain acceptance of GE foods. GM technology is not an economical method that can be easily implemented by most countries. In fact, genetic engineering techniques are currently being applied to crops important to the industrialized world and not on crops which the worlds hungry depend on.GM foods could actually reduce developed countri es reliance on crops from developing countries, resulting in loss of trade and severe economic damage for them and intensifying their problem of poverty. This would mean that theres a conflict of interest. Furthermore, an important factor that Friends of the Earth has pointed out is that many people in the world are suffering from malnutrition and smart because they cannot afford to buy food, not because it is unavailable. Therefore, even with GM food, people would still not be able to afford it or have it distributed appropriately.Most of the causes of hunger are found in global politics, sooner than issues of agriculture and technology. As a result, a variety of groups and people are questioning the motives behind GM foods as the political causes of hunger appear to be ignored.An article from Food First observed that most innovations in agricultural biotechnology have been profit-driven rather than need-driven and it questions whether GE technology can really ensure food security , protect the environment and reduce poverty in the developing world or is it produced simply because its patentable and thus, profitable to businesses. In some cases, as reported by The Institute for Science, pesticide usage is actually increasing, and GE crop actually yield little than conventional crops.In this essay, I have come up with several valid reasons why Genetically Modified Foods are ethically unacceptable. GM foods tamper with the origin of nature which is the genes and there is inadequate safety testing to prove that GM food is safe for human consumption.Therefore, businesses are mass marketing GM food at the expense of consumers health and proclaiming that GM Food is the solution to world hunger when it might not be true. Although there might be potential and benefits in GE technology, there are still many unknown areas that might prove to be more harmful then(prenominal) beneficial. Furthermore, there are still too many important ethical issues that have been igno red and that reason by itself makes it ethically unacceptable.

Sample Survey Questionnaire

Good day The researcher is conducting a study entitled, Advantages and Disadvantages of a First category Cadet who has a Cousin on the Senior Classes. This survey will serve as an instrument in the fulfillment of the said study. The researcher overly hopes for honest answers which will be based on your own experience inline with the study. The researcher also assures you that your response will be kept confidential. Truly yours, E/Cdt. Sesgundo, Jun Paulo B. Researcher Personal Information Name (Optional)_____________________________ Age ______________ Year and Section _____________________________Instructions Put whether your answer is strongly agree, agree, disagree or strongly disagree through and through their corresponding numbers as listed below 4 Strongly Agree 3 Agree 2 Disagree 1 Strongly Disagree Questions reaction A. Did your cousin from the higher classes help you in entering NYK-TDG naval Academy? B. Does your cousin from the higher classes help you in your da ily life inside NYK-TDG Maritime Academy? C. Does your cousin from the higher classes help you in your academic subjects? D. Does your cousin from the higher classes help you when different senior bullies you? E. Does your classmates and batch mate benefits from you on having a cousin on the senior classes? F. Did some of your classmates and batch mate criticize you on having a cousin from the senior classes? G. Have you been given a tonic measure from another senior just because of having a cousin from the higher classes? H. Have you once used your cousins name as an self-justification for having done a violation? Does your cousin from the higher classes give you a corrective measure for having done a I. violation? J. Is your cousin from the higher classes sack on bonding with you during liberties and vacations? K. Does your cousin from the higher classes cares about you in terms of your attitude performance towards other cadets? L. Is your cou sin from the senior classes bias between you and your other fellow first year cadets? M. If your cousin is bias with you and other first year cadets, are you in favor of it? N. Did your cousin from the higher classes give a corrective measure to other cadets because of bullying you?

Are Hybrid Cars Really More Cost Effective? Essay

If you listen to the car companies, hybrid cars atomic number 18 the best invention since sliced bread. While on that point are many reasons to buy a hybrid car, including a new tax incentive for US owners, it doesnt hurt to have a beneficial understanding of how they work. This article explores the myths, benefits and draw bear outs of owning genius of these new green vehicles. Are hybrid cars really more(prenominal) cost effective? What is a hybrid car? Basically, its a normal, fuel effectual car that has two motors ? an electric caral motor and a petrol powered motor. It also uses a special system to investment company braking energy in an onboard battery.But why buy a hybrid? Why not buy a traditional fellate or electric powered car? Keep in mind, one of the basic rules of science is the more complex the system, two motors instead on one, the more often it go out break down. This is a hard question and, in the minds of some experts, not fully answered. The reason for two motors is in the strengths and weaknesses of both types. The electric motors use no energy during idle, they turn off. At low speeds, electric use less(prenominal) than gas motors. Gas motors do better at high speeds and can interpret more power for a given motor weight.That means during rush hour stop and go driving, the electric motor works great and, as an added benefit, does not produce any exhaust thus reducing smog levels. At higher speeds above 40 mph, the gas motor kicks in and gives that mettlesome feel so many car owners look for when driving on the highway. An new(prenominal) benefit of having the gas motor is it charges the batteries while its running. Many an electric car owner has been stranded besides out extension cord range of an outlet. Hybrid owners can forget about this annoyance the gas motors starts automatically when the battery gets low and proceeds to charge the battery.A hybrid no longer needs to be plugged into an outlet. All this new technology c omes at a price a hybrid car is not cheap. With two motors and all the ancillary systems to manage them plus a large battery and a regeneration system used to produce electricity during breaking. All of these systems must work together, adding complexity. While cars and, just as importantly, the computers that control them, have become more reliable, they still fail. Meaning owners of hybrids can expect more time in the shop and more expensive repair bills.Hybrids are the most gasoline efficient of all cars they usually get 48 to 60 mpg (claimed). Not bad, but only 20% to 35% better than a fuel efficient gasoline powered vehicle like the Honda Civic that gets 36 mpg. But, when comparing prices, hybrids cost about $19,000 to $25,000 and hybrid cars cost anywhere from $14,000 to $17,000 ? now the justification to buy one is becoming less clear. Indeed, the difference in average annual fuel bills, $405 for a Honda Insight versus $635 for a Honda Civic, means you may never make back th e added initial cost of the more expensive hybrid.Over a ten year period of owning a hybrid will save you only $2,300, less than the cost difference for comparably equipped cars. Much of the fuel efficiency comes from improvements in aero dynamics, reduction of weight and, the biggest change a smaller, less powerful gas engine. In reality, any car will get substantially better mileage just by reducing the engine size. The biggest reason this is not make has to do with the customer, they simply want the extra power. But hybrid cars can offer more than just great gas mileage, they offer many other advantages as well.Even a small increase in fuel economy makes a large difference in emissions over the life of the car. Additionally, in large cities where pollution is at its worst, they make an regular(a) larger difference since they produce very little emissions during slow city driving and the unavoidable profession jams. While the US has just started producing hybrids, the Japanese are already a step ahead. Honda and Toyota are the two largest producers with their hybrids, the Insight and Prius.US car makers are real far behind. In fact, during recent introduction of a new hybrid by GM ?the Mercury Mariner, they admitted they had to license over 20 separate technologies from the Japanese. US car makers still are known for SUVs and trucks ? Ford has even introduced a hybrid version of its popular Escape SUV. Industry analysts say US hybrids are just token models, not a legitimate attempt to get into the market. The reason for hybrid introduction has to do with Corporate Average Fuel miserliness (CAFE) regulations. Current standards say that average mileage of the fleet of cars sold by an automaker should be 27. 5 mpg.This means that if an automaker sells one hybrid car that gets 60 mpg, it can then sell four less efficient cars, like SUVs and trucks that only get a poor 20 mpg. To offset perceived reliability problems, companies are offering strong guarantees The Honda Insight has an eight-year/80,000-mile imprimatury on most of the power train, including batteries, and a three-year/36,000-mile warranty on the rest of the car. The Toyota Prius has an eight-year/100,000-mile warranty on the battery and hybrid systems and a three-year/36,000-mile warranty on everything else.The motors and batteries in these cars do not require maintenance over the life of the vehicle. The engine in a hybrid doesnt even need any more maintenance than in any other car. Due to the fact that hybrids have regenerative braking, brake pads may also last longer than those of a normal car. So whats a smart car buyer to do? Are the savings in gas worth the extra headaches and substantially higher cost? Maybe, it depends on how you drive. If you drive majority of your time in the city, you may save enough to warrant the extra cost. Remember the gas motor turns on to charge the batteries if you use the electric motor all the time.Long-distance commuters and people w ith lead feet will stick out fewer savings. Then, there is always the environment ? something thats always worth thinking about. A hybrid cuts emissions by 25% to 35% over even the most fuel efficient gas powered cars. The tax incentive is another big motive ? it can reduce your cost up to $3,400 depending on the cost of the vehicle. However, the tax break only applies to the first 60,000 vehicles produced yearly by each manufacturer. Toyotas Prius, for example, will quickly reach that number of sales in advance year-end.Experts think in the end, hybrids are only a transition technology. The real cars of the future are Hydrogen or methane fuel cell powered cars. As for the environment, there are many ways to reduce emissions including using public transport, car pooling, riding a bicycle or even walking. Even just buying a smaller, fuel efficient car makes a big difference. So, think about what youre really trying to accomplish before buying a hybrid ? dont just throw your hard ea rned dollars at new technology for its own sake because it may be fashionably green.

Ralph Waldo Emerson and Pantheism Essay

During the seventeenth century the people were preoccupied with the belief that the orb has a gravitational constant design and coffin nail it is a clothes designer who knows and sees solely things. This belief was the mechanistic world have in which the designer being pertained to is graven image. idol is the omniscient being, supreme in intellect as fountainhead as other aspects. Thus, everything that takes place has a reason and will ultimately lead to something of great lengths. While this theme was popular in the said era, it has been free-base that even earlier philosophers have already considered seeing a supreme being as the biggest decision maker for all the occurrences and existence.This supreme being is the unmoved(p) mover as stated by Aristotle and the uncaused cause as according to St. Thomas Aquinas theory. One of the most popular analogies for this world judgement is the Watchmaker God analogy. The horologer God analogy is used for explaining the existence of God. In this analogy, the watchmaker is God and the watch being created is the world and all who lodge it. The analogy states that as it is with making clocks, everything in the world was systematic. People exist in places because just like a missing piece, the clock will not function without it.Furthermore, just like a watch, thee world works by combined effort of the parts. Everything is mechanical and based on an intelligent design (Paley). some(prenominal) people immediately accepted the said analogy especially during the 17th century because this was the era of scientific understanding, and rationality among all faculties of man is the most exercised. By the entry of new philosophers, however, a different world view was introduced. Ralph Waldo Emerson and his theory One of the famous theorist who emerged after the era of the mechanistic world view is Ralph Waldo Emerson.An essayist, poet, and a philosopher, Emersons argument became popular in the mid 1900s. Among his theor ies, transcendentalism earned him the most recognition. Transcendentalism is both a political and philosophical movement. inappropriate the mechanistic world view in which man serves as a part of a clock with a very important role to free rein in order for the entire macrocosm to function, transcendentalism promotes the individuality of a person. It states that the universe functions on its own and each aspect of the universe has a head teacher of its own, which it uses in order for continued existence.Transcendentalism also contradicts the theory proposed that God is the designer behind the intelligent design of the universe. Rather it states that God is one with the universe and as nature continue to evolve, so does god. Furthermore, Emerson implied that the higher reality is found not only by the usage of human reason tho by means of moxie experience (Emerson). From this, it may be gathered that Emersons theory directly contradicts the points of the mechanistic world view. The man upholds the power of individual intuition and the sense of self.Instead of accepting that God is the unmoved mover as expressed by Aristotle, he insists that God moves with the world. While the universe is indeed a grand design, Emerson argues that God is not just a designer who fixed people in a certain position. Rather god is present in all that exists. Thus, in being one with nature and all individuals, people are communing and being one with God, not just acting according to the design but purely based on innate confidence on the self (Emerson). Emerson as a pantheistFrom the given arguments of Emerson as oppose to the mechanistic world view, many conclude that somehow, the poet-essayist-philosopher is a pantheist. This hypothesis may be enforced by looking through the description of a pantheist. According to Owen, pantheism is the philosophy wherein God is believed to be one with the universe. The supreme being is identical with nature and all that exists. In addition, the philosophy insists that everything exists is only one being, which is God. Thus, communing with nature is communing with the supreme being.Putting this in parallel with the transcendentalism theory, Emerson claims that indeed there is God within all existing being. In addition, each being is not placed in a certain position by a designer, instead that person exists as through a person accord. God is not a designer behind everything but a part of the system, part of nature. This points that Emerson is a pantheist. Conclusion From the given facts, it may be drawn that the 17th century saw the emergence of mesomorphic rational minds, which led to the acceptance of the mechanistic world view.This view insists that god is the designer of the complexity of the universe. This world view is put in an analogy called the watchmaker god, wherein God is the watchmaker and the watch is the entire universe. By the entry of the 19th century, however, the theory was contradicted by transcende ntalism pioneered by Ralph Waldo Emerson. In Emersons theory, he argued that God is not but a designer but part of the entire design. This makes him a pantheist, given that pantheism proposes that God is part of nature, moves and evolves with it.This, completely agrees with Emersons theory and disagrees with that of the theories of the 17th century, which were founded on rationality. Works Cited Baym, Nina. The Norton Anthology of American Literature. 1998. Emerson, Ralph Waldo. Transcendentalism And Other Addresses. 1923. Oxford. New York. Paley, William. Natural Theology -Evidences of the Existence and Attributes of the Deity Collected from the Appearance of Nature. 1802. Wilks and Taylor, capital of the United Kingdom Owen, H. P. Concepts of Deity. 1971. Macmillan. London

Dilemma of International Community

The US prevention strategies against international terrorist act have come a long way since the mid-1990s. The disciplined, centralized organization that conducted the September 11 is diminished beca persona most of the groups senior and midlevel leaders are either incarcerated or dead, while the studyity of those still at large are on the run and focused at least as much on choice as on offensive operations. However, Al Qaeda still has the potential to impose lethal threat.From the critical standpoint, the key ch in allenges for contemporary counterterrorism efforts are non as much Al Qaeda or every other terrorist organizations as what will follow them. The emerging primary terrorist threat includes the global network of for the most part Sunni Islamic extremists, which extends beyond members of Al Qaeda. The foundations of these extremist sources remain very much alive and in some cases are growing deeper. Practically, they contain the interconnected sparing and political systems of the Muslim world.In addition to Muslim factor, there is a widespread opposition toward U. S. policies within and toward the Muslim world, especially the U. S. political position on the Israeli-Palestinian struggle and, which is more important, the invasion and occupation of Iraq (Byman, 200361). Considering the mentioned trends and reasons, the counterterrorism challenges after the liquidation of Al Qaeda may very well be even more complex than they were before.Decentralization and unaired nature of terrorist plots as well as indeterminate nature of the final target imposes extreme challenges on the intelligence. While the mission of intelligence in counterterrorism is to supervise and prevent terrorist activity, practically it may become vain due to its inability to identify terrorist groups and individuals. However, even a decentralize terrorist threat has some connections that plenty be discovered, and this will constitute the core of intelligence counterterrorist efforts.From the practical standpoint, although almost every extremist can be connected at least indirectly to the network of Sunni Islamic terrorists, the majority of linkages includes only casual contacts and do not involve preparations for terrorist operations directed against the United landed estates. No intelligence service possesses the resources to monitor all of these linkages, to construct the life history of every terrorist, or to compile comprehensive sociograms of the radical Islamist scene (Rothkopf, 200534).International residential districts willingness to assist in the struggle against terrorist organizations to the major degree has depended on Al Qaedas record and menacing capabilities. However, from the contemporary point of view, foreign cooperation becomes more conundrumatic as the issue moves beyond Al Qaeda. Mentioned difficulties that the United States has already encountered in dealing with Lebanese Hizballah depict some of the problems in more generally enlisting foreign avail against terrorist groups (Byman, 200363).An underlying limitation to the willingness of international community to collaborate with the United States on antiterrorist efforts is the skepticism among foreign political elite that the most powerful country in the world needs to be preoccupied with small groups of radicals. Critically, the skepticism of foreign community can be considered in terms of fact that the U. S. preoccupation is no longer with the group that carried out the terrorist attacks on September 11 (Nash, 200456). However, the most significant challenge to the U. S.counterterrorist efforts that may emerge along with a more decentralized terrorist threat is the ability to uphold the nations own commitment to struggle it. Surprisingly, the American society has revealed that its determination to fight counterterrorism can be righteous as inconstant as that of foreign publics. During the past quarter century, the U. S. public and presidential term has given different and contradictive attention, priority, and resources to U. S. counterterrorist programs, with interest and efforts increasing in the aftermath of a major terrorist incident and declining as time passes without an attack.International Threats of act of terrorism From the critical standpoint, it is clear that even being the worlds only superpower the United States can no longer sustain a war on terrorism. Due to inability of the US to provide detection, monitoring and elimination of 100 percent of international terrorist groups, international cooperation in this area seems to be a promising solution. Moreover, terrorist organizations are now acting across the domestic borders of hosting states, jeopardizing security of entire international community and recent terrorist acts in Londons subway became an evident support for this statement.Brian Jenkins underlines that the success of terrorism has much to do with the perception of a nations capability to deal with s uch crises, proposing that public perceptions of government standing and competence in combatting terrorism are based not on overall performance, only rather on performance in a few dramatic hostage incidents, where the government, of course, suffers disadvantages from the outset ((Jenkins, 198310). Indeed, the public sees the government only in crisis, demonstrably unable(p) to provide security for its citizens, sometimes yielding to terrorists to save lives, unable to bring its enemies to justice.Practically, a rescue attempt or successful prevention of an attack adds immeasurably to a nations image of military prowess, while an attempt that fails does incalculable damage. Many statistics exist to quantify the activities, numbers, types, locations and targets of international terrorists. It was reported in 1986 that incidents of terrorism those involving citizens or territory of more than one country have doubled in number since 1975, to slightly over 800 last year 1985 (Hanl ey, 19863).Notwithstanding the bombings in direful 1998 in Kenya and Tanzania, there are analysts who believe terrorism has been in decline in recent years. Patterns of Global Terrorism 1997, published by the American State Department, reported that there were a total of 304 acts of international terrorism, one of the lowest annual totals since 1971 (US Department of State, 1997). According to Patterns of Global Terrorism 1998, the number of acts of international terrorism dropped to 273 attacks. However, in 1998 there was a record high toll of 741 people killed and 5,952 injured in terrorist attacks (US Department of State, 1998).In 2000, there were 423 terrorist acts, an increase of eight percent from the 392 attacks in 1999. The death toll for 2000 was 405, and 791 were wounded (US Department of State, 1999, 2000). The year 2001 witnessed a dramatic increase due to the audacious attacks on 11 September of that year. Many commentators learn that terrorist violence is, and will l ikely remain, an integral part of international relations. As Scotland Yards counterterrorist specialist George Churchill-Coleman stated, Terrorism is with us now, whether you like it or not. Youve got to place your way of life to that (Hanley, 19863).This mentality has now reached the American scene as the head of the Office of Homeland Security, Tom Ridge, noted, We need to accept that the possibility of terrorism is a permanent condition for the foreseeable future. He stated, We just have to accept it (Calabresi & Ratnesar, 21). At airports there is a get on with the job perspective and in daily living one must accept the need to be on guard, like steering clear of suspicious packages and reporting them to the local anesthetic police. One columnist wrote, By not surrounding the (terrorist) incident with hysterical posturing, we cut it down to size.We make it seem a nuisance rather than a cataclysm. We stifle its depicted object to instill terror. We decline to be afraid (McC abe, 1996a4). In that regard, Great Britain is one of the few nations which is intimately familiar with terrorism and its impact. Lacking any other alternative, the British have essentially learned to live with the threats and the bombings. Moreover, the British have learned to live with intrusive surveillance cameras, the cost of bomb restitution (3. 2 billion dollars a year), as well as a higher awareness of the threat that has been assimilated into the society over the years, particularly since the late 1960s.Even condescension the recent terrorist attacks in Londons subway, the British approach to terrorism, fuck offed over many years, seems natural in a culture that places great monetary fund on a stiff upper lip (McCabe, 1996b8). The prognosis becomes ever more frightening as terrorists seek out softer targets, as witnessed in the 1998 bombings of the American embassies in Kenya and Tanzania. This is because international police and security agencies will, for the most par t, strengthen the defenses of consulates, embassies and residences, and will provide other forms of personal security for the more likely terrorist targets.Therefore, terrorist attacks will believably become more undiscriminating. The bombing campaigns in Paris during the summers of 1986 and 1995, aimed at government buildings, restaurants and cafes, the bombings in London during the spring of 1992 of commuter train stations and the financial district, and the use of sarin in the subway in Japan by the Aum Shinrikyo in 1995, and the February 2001 reported discovery by the British police of a terrorist plot to print sarin into the London underground system as well as the suicide hijacking of four airliners in September 2001 are examples of what we may expect.(Other examples of indiscriminate terrorism are the batters at airports such as those in December 1985, in Rome and Vienna. ) Furthermore, targets abound in highly developed industrialized societies and analysts shout out th at terrorist groups will begin targeting vital points such as computer systems, power grids and other key links of industrial societies (Hanley, 1986b2). Reports underline that terrorists are expanding their interests in nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons as well as information warfare.Some of these concerns were highlighted in December 1999 when the Solicitor General of Canada, Lawrence MacAulay, told the House of Commons that Canada needed to strengthen the governments capacity to address the threat of a nuclear, biological or chemical attack by terrorists. Although the possibility of such an attack happening was low, Mr. MacAulay felt all levels of government must be prepared to deal with such eventualities (Evenson, 20012).His concerns followed warnings by scientists of the Health Protection Branch that a release of the deadly anthrax bacteria in a major Canadian population center could kill upwards of 35,000 and cost 6. 5 billion to the health care system, underlining th e fact that medical facilities were not prepared to deal with such an incident (Evenson, 20012). In the fall of 2001, a series of letter containing the anthrax virus were mailed to media centers in New York City.The letters were sent to ABC, NBC and CBS, and were orchestrated to attain the maximum amount of media coverage, while concomitantly stirring up popular fear and anxiety about these and other possible attacks. some other issue that relates to this is that of nuclear scientists who represent a valuable resource to those nations developing nuclear programs, such as modern Iran. Potential Responses to Terrorism International area The evolution and deployment in the 1970s of elite counterterrorist teams in Israel and West Germany was in response, partly, to the frustrations of employing a series of so-called non-force methods against terrorists.Livingstone has argued that governments have employed a variety of nonforce strategies in their efforts to resist terrorism, including diplomacy, negotiation, concessions, and cooptation. Occasionally such methods have worked, but more often than not they have failed or only provided a temporary prophylaxis to an endemic problem (Livingstone, 1982176). Now it is widely recognized that, under most circumstances, making concessions to terrorists only invites further acts of terrorism. This fact, combined with the failure of the U. N.to take concerted action to develop impressive remedies to the problem of international terrorism, has resulted in a growing tendency on the part of national governments to resort to unilateral military action against terrorism in the belief that, if it is not possible to make terrorists answerable to the law, then they must be answerable to the gun. It is apparent from recent twentieth-century history in Western countries that the obligation for combating terrorism has been, for the most part, that of law enforcement authorities.On occasion, army units were tasked and, for the most pa rt, were found to be operationally wanting in a number of areas such as strategy, methodology and structure. Conventional military forces and tactical manoeuvre have not met the challenge of terrorism Not only are contemporary weapons and tactics far too negative to be employed in heavily populated urban regions, but also the deployment of large numbers of soldiers against terrorists simply increases the number of targets at which they can strike (Livingstone, 1982176).General George Grivas, the famous Cypriot terrorist leader, noted that the level of terrorist operations is much lower than that of conventional military operations. Counterterrorist operations demand specially adapted and trained soldiers, tactics and strategy. He noted the only hope of finding us was to play cat and mouse to use tiny, expertly trained groups, who could work with cunning and persistence and strike rapidly when we least expected (Taber, 1977118).In short, one must use those same weapons and tacti cs belonging to the terrorists inventory psychology, stealth, speed, surprise and cunning against the terrorists themselves. Moreover, candidates for such units must have motivation and determination, physical and mental stamina, initiative and self-discipline, be capable of operating in small groups during long-term isolated operations, and they must have the expertness to assimilate a wide range of skills and think laterally. This type of military operation demands a different type of soldier, namely one who can develop a broad spectrum of skills.Practically, contemporary counterterrorism demands highly trained and motivated commandos, operating in small groups skilled in electronics, communications, demolitions, marksmanship, deception, silent killing and familiar with terrorist tactics and behavior. References Byman, Daniel (2003). Should Hizballah Be Next? Foreign Affairs 82, no. 6, November/December 54-66. Calabresi, Massimo, & Romesh Ratnesar (2002). Can We Stop the Next A ttack? Time, 11 March, 1626 Evenson, fasten (2001). Canada Poorly Prepared for Germ Warfare. National Post, 1 FebruaryHanley, Charles (1986a). Experts Note Common Traits in Terrorists. Ottawa Citizen, 19 April Hanley, Charles (1986b). International Terrorism Global Order jolted by Wanton War. Ottawa Citizen, 19 April Jenkins, Brian Michael (1983). New Modes of Conflict. Santa Monica, California Rand Corporation, June. Livingstone, Neil C (1982). The War against Terrorism. Lexington, Massachusetts Lexington Books McCabe, Aileen (1996). Britain Learns to Live with Terrorism after Decades of Blasts. Ottawa Citizen, 4 expansive McCabe, Aileen (1996).Facing Terror with a Stiff Upper Lip. Montreal Gazette, 3 August Nash, James L (2004). Prevention or cure. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development. The OECD Observer. Paris whitethorn56 Rothkopf, David (2005). Can Technology Fix U. S. Intelligence. Technology Review. Cambridge Feb. 108(2) Taber, Robert (1977). The War o f the Flea Guerrilla Warfare Theory and Practice. St. Albans, Frogmore, Herts, Great Britain Paladin United States, Department of State, Patterns of Global Terrorism 1997 Retrieved From http//www. mipt.org/Patterns-of-Global-Terrorism. asp Accessed Jan 3, 2006 United States, Department of State, Patterns of Global Terrorism 1997 Retrieved From http//www. mipt. org/Patterns-of-Global-Terrorism. asp Accessed Jan 3, 2006 United States, Department of State, Patterns of Global Terrorism 1999 Retrieved From http//www. mipt. org/Patterns-of-Global-Terrorism. asp Accessed Jan 3, 2006 United States, Department of State, Patterns of Global Terrorism 2000 Retrieved From http//www. mipt. org/Patterns-of-Global-Terrorism. asp Accessed Jan 3, 2006

Ned Kelly Essay

Ned KellyKelly was twelve when his father died, and he was subsequently required to leave school to take on the radical position as head of the family. Shortly after this, the Kellys moved to Glenrowan. As a teenager, Ned became involved in petty crimes, regularly targeting the wealthy landowners.The story goes that Ned Kelly was influenced to vex a bushranger. His family was not particularly akind by the law, and so when he was persecuted by a few of the policemen, he reacted and decided to become an outlaw. He calculate that if he was going to be charged for something, he would give them a real reason.Kelly became a protege to another bushranger, Harry Power who was a notorious bushranger of Victoria, earlier transported to Van Diemens Land in 1841 for stealing shoes. Upon his release, he continued his life of crime, which landed him in Pentridge Gaol. He became a bushranger when he escaped from Pentridge in 1869. At first he worked solo, but decided after while that he would l ike an accomplice. A friend of his named Jack Lloyd had a nephew, Ned Kelly, just 15 years old and already embittered by frequent run-ins with the police. Lloyd recommended the young Ned Kelly to Harry Power. Power became a mentor to Ned Kelly, taking him on as an apprentice in 1870, and teaching him the finer points of bush ranging.Ned Kelly gradually progressed to crimes of increasing seriousness and violence, including bank robbery and murder, soon becoming a hunted man.A lot of throng think of Ned Kelly as a cold blooded killer and a criminal. Ned was in trouble from a young age, he robbed banks and the ones he killed, and he steal horses and ran away from the police. His family were thought to be wild and reckless and where ever Ned went he took hostages. He got his friends into his mess, got Joe Byrne to kill one of his best friends, Aaron and he had a deadly absolute shot with a revolver or rifle. He was someone to be afraid of. But then again Through it all, Ned emerges as a fantastically courageous individual , as he did from the mist at Glenrowan, dressed in his famous suit of armour, for his extraordinary last stand.Aspecial 60 minutes episode showed that 91% of those who voted believed that Ned wasnt given a fair trial. Others think he has a victim of a vicious system. In his truly brief life he became an Australian legend. Ned only killed in self defence, when he was 9 he risked his life to save a boy from drowning, he had to become the father of the family at a young age. He was punished for things he didnt do and was victimized by the police. He gave to the poor and he would do anything for the ones he loved. His last wish was for the police to let his Mum go, since she was in jail for something she didnt do. Ned was self-educated and very loyal to his friends, family and supporters and had a neat sense of humour. His mocking courage never deserted him and to be as game as Ned Kelly is to have the ultimate bravery. He was and still is a hero .I think he was hero but its up to you to choose what you think. Make sure you read all the facts before you judge him. Just like the saying dont judge a book by its coverIt is not true that Ned Kelly only killed in self-defence. He was a frigid killer who willingly murdered policemen and others who betrayed him (this is hardly self-defence). He most certainly planned to murder most of the policemen travelling to Glenrowan by demand, by causing the trains derailment.

Effects of premarital sex and early sexual relationships on teeenagers Essay

The present day unipolar system has left USA as the only super power capable of conducting or organizing political military put through anywhere in the origination.. However, hegemony is present in a system where at that place is a unipolar structure of enamor to add up the unipolar structure capabilities for example in the 1990s the United Nations was graduall(a)y displaced from its primary responsibility for maintaining pa determination and security in favour of a revitalized NATO which provided the multilateral cover for US military action in the Balkans.In the war aganst Iraq, the process was taken a step further as NATO was itself sidelined in favour of a coalition of the willing(Bull,200023). Politically, because all recites recognize that it is in their overriding self-interest to maximize their power, thats what Waltz says they do. To do anything else is crazy because a state without enough power is a vulnerable state. And, anyway, it is excessively scary for states not to try to maximize their power. For instance as China continues to expand its military disbursal $91.5 billion in 2011,this only represents about one seventh of the total US defense reaction budget(estimated to reach $663. 8 bilion by the end of the year)according to China USA FOCUS a non profit governing based in Hong-Kong. Hence this is what Waltz calls the security dilemma( waltz,1979123). He argues that when one state sees another state trying to increase its power to increase its security, it gets sc atomic number 18d, feelsthreatened, and recognizes that it too must increase its power.But, of course, thatscares the other states, and basically there is this mad spiral in which all states are T rying to have more power than all other states. According to Waltz, this competition for power among states is not invariably as dangerous as it at first sounds. In the international system, either state is sovereign and this implies that sovereign states are not soluble to any higher power. When one sovereign state intervenes in another sovereign state monitor the domestic affairs of that certain country, it shows the aspect of political hegemony.One good example is that of America which has been step in in various sovereign states under the disguise of protecting human rights. In doing so it seems analogous America is becoming a police man of the world. A realist scholar Hobbes (1952) postulates that the powerful will always do what they want and the weak will always comply. In other respects politics and economic system are said to have existed in two separate spheres and are not logically affiliated to one another. In the option of the Marxist and leftists writers on one hand politics and economics are intimately linked.The insatiable desire of capitalists for continuous accumulation has been the force behind the political endeavors in every capital economy state. According to the theory of hegemonic stability, as I am using it in this article, the mankind and maintenance of an open and liberal world economy such as the one that has characterized most of the world economy since the end of World War II requires a powerful leader. This leader uses its power and influence to promote trade liberalisation and a stable international monetary system primarily in order to advance its profess political and economic interests.The leader, however, can seldom pressure reluctant states to practise the rules of a liberal international economic order and must seek their co-operation. These other states co-operate with the hegemony because it is in their own economic and security interests to do so. For example, although the American hegemony played a crucial role in establishing and managing the world economy following World War 2, it did so with the strong co-operation of its Cold War.Coercion involves the study of threats and demands that raise the adversary to either reverse its action or stop what it has been doing. Unlike Deter rence, which stresses the prevention of an attack or the use of threats by state A to dissuade its enemy, state B, from attacking, coercion consists of the use of threats by state A, or the coercer (e. g. state hegemony, NATO, UN), to reverse a n act of aggression by state B. To coerce a state, then, means to employ a range of diplomatic and military options.These may include economic/trade sanctions, blockades, embargoes, and precision air-strikes. The threat of exercising these options serves as either an inducement to the transgressor state to stop what it is doing, or as penalisation for not taking the steps to comply with the coercers demands. Such options, therefore, reflect the cost and benefits of calculated threats, and are often referred to as ex ante demands. The ex ante mix of punishment and inducements, in this case, can either take the form of a carrot/stick or use for that approach.

Digital Learning Environment Essay

In the statement Recently, there were two recent cover stories in Time Magazine Their conclusion was that children right a r give a musical modee ar antithetical. In fact, based on what we now know from the neurosciences and psychological sciences, what were now cave ining to understand is that children today are FUNDAMENTALLY assorted than we are in the way they think, in the way they access, absorb, interpret, process and usance information, and in the way they view, interact, and communicate in the modern initiation because of their experiences with digital technologies. If this is the case, it holds backbreaking implications for all of us personally and professionally. I truly believe its true. I tonus that we are surrounded by digital devices that were not there when I was young.There is new applied science that comes out every day and eventually I believe that will be on only way of life in everything we do. I do feel that todays learners have a different way of lear ning than we did in the past. I feel there are so many different factors that have changed how today children learns, thinking, etc. I believe the main factor is all the new technology that comes out daily. I feel that technology has been taken for granted for many different ways specially in the learning environment. For example, when I was in high school I had to go to the library to pit out books to complete a research paper but in todays knowledge base students just type what they are looking for on the computer and the web provides the answer. I feel it has taken away the experience of how to research something.People can learn so much more when they really have to do the leg work on researching than just sitting on the couch and typewrite up the question and the computer does the work. I believe that it can show some laziness on the students part because it is others that have done the work and not them. The whole digital world has taken away a persons creativity, person ality (their own work), etc. I feel that having hands on and thinking skills expands their thought process and creative process where they utilizing their own thoughts and not anyone elses.I feel at times that I would utilize the physical act of learning something instead of them researching on computers websites, etc. I also would have them use their own thoughts and try to learn to have an open mind to take in suggestions from other people. I will ensure that I give them the hazard to learn from their own experiences with the help and guidance from myself and other adults. I feel this will get to use their own knowledge in cases where they dont have the digital resources due to batteries going stillborn or dont have the access.

Botulism Is A Rare Gastrointestinal Infection Biology Essay

Botulism is a r argon GI infection, it is a serious status caused by toxins from bacteriums c eithered Clostridium Botulinum. Clostridium Botulinum are a species of anaerobiotic, Gram-positive, retinal rod shaped bacteriums in the house ready Clostridiaceae that lay downs proteins with f eat onures neurotoxicity. The botulinus toxin is a powerful neurolysin that impairs nerve map, including those of the stop, taking to palsy. It is the aetiologic agent of botulism in worlds, wild poultry, Equus caballuss and cowss. There are seven sub attributes of these bacteriums, each bring forthing a different Botulinum Toxin. The being and its spores are widely distributed in nature. They usher out be found in dirt, deposits of watercourses and lakes, and in the enteric piece of lands of fish and mammals.Clostridium botulinus interferes with the presynaptic release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction. Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter found at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effecter junctions, and at many other sites in the CNS. Acetylcholine enables musculus contraction and so without it musculuss will non contract. The stop enables take a leading hence without acetylcholine the septic animate being will decease of respiratory failure and asphyxia. Clinical characteristics implicate abdominal lossing, emesis, vivid palsy, blurred vision, and double vision. There are octad types of botulism. They are A, B, CI , CI? , D, E, F, and G. Out of the eight merely three of them are associated with human disease. They are A, B, E and F. A, and B are foodborne related manly strains.It was foremost recorded in Europe in 1735 and it was suspected of being associated with a German sa wont, hence being named by and by the Latin word for sausage, botulus . Several states produced botulism toxins in the WWII as a possible bacteriologic arm. They were said to hold trial sprayed over a subdivision of Canadian wilderness killing all a nimate beings within 6 hours but they were neer used in combat. The bacterium itself is non toxic when ingested and are normally consumed on fruits, veggies and seafood. The German doctor and poet Justinus Kerner foremost developed the thought of a possible redress usage of botulinus toxin. In 1870, another German doctor, Muller, coined the name botulism. In 1895, Professor Emile Van Ermengem, of Belgium, was the prime(prenominal) to insulate the bacteria. In 1928, Dr Herman Sommer, at the University of California, was the first to insulate in purified signifier the toxin type A ( BoNT-A ) as a stable acid precipitate. Dr Edward J Schantz succeeded in sublimating BoNT-A in crystalline form-cultured C blotulinum and isolated the toxin in 1946. In the 1950 s, Dr Burgen s ASV group discovered that blotulinum toxins blocks neuromuscular transmittal in 1949. Dr Vermon Brooks discovered that when BoNT-A is injected into a overactive musculus, it blocks the release of acetycholine from m otor nervus terminations. Dr Alan B Scott, of Smith-Kettlewell Eye Research Institute used BoNT-A in monkey experiments in 1973, and in 1980 he used if for the first clip in worlds to handle sidelong.The pensiveness period of botulism is 12-80 hours. It can be obtained through inspiration of toxin, ingestion of toxin or C botulinus spores, and vitiate of a tissue with toxin or C botulinus spores. Signs and symptoms have six launchings. The central marks accept afebrile ( holding no febrility ) symmetrical neurological manisfestations normal mental position, though may look lethargic and have trouble with communicating normal to decelerate bosom rate without battlefront of hypotension and normal centripetal nervus map, other than vision. The early presentations include cranial abnormalcies, weariness and dizziness, dual and fuzzed vision, and trouble get downing food for thought. The ulterior presentation include falling palsy, trouble traveling eyeball and mild pupill ary dilation, lingua failing, lessening joke physiological reaction, indistinct address, symmetrical falling forward muscular failing particularly on weaponries and legs, utmost failing on postural cervix musculuss and cursory oral cavity orthogonal respiration, and irregularity. Ingestional presentation include dry oral cavity and dysarthria, and sickness and emesis. Inhalational presentation include mucous secretion in pharynx, and serous nasal discharge, salivation. Last the infant presentation include inability to suck and get down, irregularity, weakened voice and floppy cervix.There are five knob sorts of botulism. They are foodborne botulism, wound botulism, infant botulism, adult enteric toxemia of pregnancy botulism, and iatrogenic botulism. Even though botulism bacteriums are common in nature, they can be killed by O. Thereof, the bacteriums signifier spores that protect them from the O. Once on an oxygen-free environment the spores activate. The most common manner to acquire botulism is from improperly canned nutrient. When the can is sealed it creates an oxygen-free environment suitable for the bacterium. If heated decently the spores dies but if non heated decently, the spores activate and the can is filled with toxin, botulismotoxin. Since botulismotoxin is a protein it can be denatured by heat, except canned nutrient is largely eaten cold botulism occurs. bear upon persons have trouble swallowing or speech production, dry oral cavity, facial failing on both sides of the face, blurred or dual vision, saging palpebras, problem external respiration, sickness, purging and abdominal spasms, and palsy.Babies usually obtain botulism from lovemaking in a assortment of ways. When roll uping nectar from flowers, bees collect botulism spores and blend them into the honey. Most grownups can eat these spores without trouble since the bacteriums within the organic structure robust the immune system which eliminates the spores. Since babies still do no n hold these bacterial defense mechanisms the spores come to life when they reach the intestine oxygen-free environment. While inside of the babe they produce toxin. This typically occurs between the ages of 2 and 6 months. Complications arise usually within 18 to 36 hours after the toxin enters the babe s organic structure. Signs and symptoms include irregularity, floppy motions due to muscle failing and problem master caput, weak call, crossness, salivating, saging palpebras, fatigue, trouble suction or eating, and palsy.Wound botulism is the consequence of lesions contaminated with C botulinus spores. It develops traumatic hurt that involves soil taint among injection drug users ( those who use black-tar diacetylmorphine ) and after a cesarean section bringing. The lesion may look benign. The involved tissues which are traumatized and devitalized provide a perfect anaerobiotic medium for the C botulinus spores to shoot into vegetive beings and produce neurolysins. The symptoms normally appear 4 to 18 hours after an hurt occurs and are similar to food-borne botulism although GI symptoms may be absent. They include trouble get downing or speech production, facial failing on both sides of the face, blurred or dual vision, saging palpebras, problem external respiration, and palsy.Adult enteric toxemia of pregnancy ( big enteric colonisation ) botulism is a really archaic sort of botulism that occurs among grownups by the same path as infant botulism. The exact prevalence of AITB is unknown. To day of the month, close 20 instances have been reported. The disease affects grownups and older kids. Features include unknown beginning of toxin, presence of toxin in stool, and abnormal GI pathology ( e.g. , Billroth surgery, Crohn s disease, and peptic ulcer disease ) or antimicrobic drug usage.Last, iatrogenic botulism can happen from inadvertent overdose of botulinus toxin.It has been noted really seldom after medical usage or abuse of the botulinus toxin. Injec table toxins are used to handle a scope of fitful and autonomic muscular upsets. These toxins are purified and extremely diluted. Toxin type A ( Botox ) is used in super infinitesimal doses for the intervention of facial furrows and blepharospasm ( an unnatural contraction or vellication of the palpebra ) , cervical dystonia squint ( an chronic painful neurological upset characterized by loss of control over one or more parts of the organic structure ) , glabellar lines ( are the perpendicular lines on the human face and are seeable when a individual scowl ) , and primary alar hyperidrosis ( inordinate perspiration ) . Toxin type B ( Myobloc, Neurobloc ) is used to handle cervical dystonia.The diagnosis of this infection can be slippery because symptoms simulate those presented by other diseases. Sepsis ( whole organic structure redness ) is the most common initial diagnosing for infant botulism. Lab trials are used for unequivocal diagnosing. Analysis of blood, stool or puke fo r cubic yard of the toxin may assist in the verification of the infection.Treatment includes the usage of drugs, respiratory support, surgery, and stomachic lavage. Adults with botulism are treated with an antitoxin. The antitoxin is effectual against toxins types A, B and E and inactivates merely the toxin that is unattached to steel terminations. For babies, BIG ( botulism immune globulin ) is available neutralizing A, B, C, D, and E before they can even adhere to nervousnesss. Infant intervention normally involves respiratory support and subway eating for hebdomads even months. Physical therapy is initiated one time the babe can take a breath unaided. A inhalator is frequently required to assist grownup patients breathe, and a tracheotomy may as well be necessary. Surgery may be necessary to clean an septic lesion and take the beginning of the bacteriums. antimicrobial therapy may be necessary. In stomachic lavage, psychotherapeutic agents or clysters are used.Vaccines agains t botulism do non be nevertheless scientist have successfully vaccinated mice and ducks against type C and D, which may assist in the creative activeness for human inoculation. The toxin can non be seen, smelled or tasted so the wisest thing to make is to fling any nutrient that seems spoiled without savoring it.

Online Shopping for Electronic Products Essay

The Internet has changed how information is communicated and processed. People use the Internet for different purposes, including communicating with friends, researching and monito basketball hoop online wrinkle prices, trading stock, paying bills, banking, and shopping. Growing numbers of consumers purchase goods and services, gather product information, or just to patronise online(Demangeot & Broderick, 2007). People today are indeed bombarded with technology. Most race cannot get through the day without their laptops or smart phones, especi all(prenominal)y for todays youth. Since todays college students were raised in a technical age. It is no surprise that earnings usage among college respondents has seen a marked annex in recent years (Budden et al, 2007). Most college students surveyed enjoy shopping online (Arnaudovska et al, 2010).Online shopping gradually appears in pecks lives, especially in college students life. Online shopping is the process whereby consumers buy goods or services directly from a seller in truly time over the Internet. Online shopping environments are, therefore, playing an increasing role in the relationship between marketers and their consumers (Demangeot & Broderick, 2007).Therefore, internet is not only indeed playing an important role today, but also in the future. In the city of the future, bricks-and-mortar retailers will be just as savvy as their online counterparts. In recent years, the dodge of purchasing almost anything via the Internet has driven the decline of numerous chains. Stores dont have the info websites do, so they dont understand their customers as well. However, theyre increasingly experimenting with new ways to enticement you into their aisles, analyze your patterns and fine-tune their offering-just as the websites have done for years(Castaldo, J. 2012).For sales of electronic products online, according to US Censuss E-Stats, 2009 E-commerce Multi-sector Report (2011), it emergenced from 5,848 m illion dollars in 2003 to 17,684 million dollars in 2009. The Census chest of drawers of the Department of Commerce announced at November 16, 2012 that the estimate of U.S. retail e-commerce sales for the third describe of 2012 was $57.0 billion, an increase of 3.7 percent from the second quarter of 2012. Total retail sales for the third quarter of 2012 were estimated at $1,092.2 billion, an increase of 1.4 percent from the second quarter of 2012. The third quarter 2012 e-commerce estimate increased 17.3 percent from the third quarter of 2011 while total retail sales increased 4.6 percent in the same period. E-commerce sales in the third quarter of 2012 accounted for 5.2 percent of total sales. ( U.S. Census Bureau, 2012) correspond to the research by Yulihasri et al (2011), Among all the proposed students differences factors, compatibility and usefulness have been found as the most significant to influence students attitude for shopping on Internet and attitude, normative-belief s have been found as the most significant to influence students intention for shopping on Internet. The idea of salient beliefs including compatibility, ease of use, usefulness and security are highly relevant that influence students attitude towards on-line shopping, except privacy. However, attitude strongly associated to intention.The purpose of this study is to investigate college students attitudes toward online shopping for electronic products by using Fishbein And Ajzens theory of reasoned action (Ajzen and Fishbein, 1980). As well as what factors influence people generally on their decision. Shopping online has very different characteristics from shopping in a store. Some of these characteristics may contribute to consumers intention to shop online, while others may discourage them. In addition to consumers psycho-graphics and demographic backgrounds that apt(predicate) affect their attitudes toward and intentions of shopping online, the fact that the Internet is admissio n chargeible and therefore merchandise is widely available is important.According to Laudon et al. (2012), Approximately 80 million households have broadband access to the Internet in 2010, representing about 68 percent of all households. About 83 million Americans now access the Internet using a smartphone such as an iPhone, Droid, or BlackBerry. Mobile e-commerce has begun a rapid growth based on apps, ring tones, downloaded entertainment, and location-based services. In a few years, mobile phones will be the most common Internet access device. In addition, according to Hasslinger et al. (2007)s research, they identified price, trust and convince as the primary concern when people shopping online.

Spartan Women

severe wo manpower were given spectacular privileges as they Involved their prominent sections In society In regards to education, family, religion and the economy, which soon became desired by wo workforce all over ancient Greece. Ancient historians such as Plutarch, Xenophobe, Aristotle, Plato, Euripides, Herodotus, Discusses and Aristotelian provide valuable discernment to the girls, women and mothers of Sparta, as they left no records themselves. Plutarch famous Sayings of Spartan Women alms to promote a Spartan society where females scam an essential part in the Indoctrination of their sons and where mothers are painted has brutal patriots.Women were perhaps the most important bird feeder of Spartan society for some(prenominal) reasons and even so their most important role was to give return to healthy sons for Sparta. They werent allowed to spin or weave like women from other parts of Greece such menial tasks were meant for the helots put up possess slaves. Source 2 (Plutarch on Sparta, p. 1 60) When an Ionian womanhood was priding herself on one of the tapestries she had do (which was Indeed of great value), a Spartan woman showed off her four most dutiful sons and verbalise they were the kind of thing a noble and good woman ought to produce, and should boast of them and take pride in them.This quote illustrates that for Spartan women, skills in handicrafts were not essential, and were not regarded as important as bearing healthier, heartyer sons for the army. Xenophobe stated, For palliate women the most important Job was to bear children. In order to Inculcate the offspring with patriotism, the mother had to confirm the correct attitude herself. Spartan mother did rear their sons according to the customs and expectations of their state and society.They were proud of their role in shaping new generations of citizens as cited in Source 2, women who produce strong offsprings (sons) should feel first-class to other omen and should be pro ud of their self righteousness. It implies that women with strong sons were strong themselves because it is believed that strong Spartan women and men create a strong offspring. Great value also suggests that sons were worth more than daughters, as sons are the and ones that can achieve the greatest honor in Sparta.Women were encouraged to display patriotism by sacrificing the men whom they loved and so highly did they prize the warriors med, that they are said to have said tears of delectation over the bleeding bodies of their wounded sons. Source 1 (Plutarch on Sparta, p. 60) As a woman was sepulture her son, a worthless old crone came up to her and said You poor woman, what a misfortune No, by the two gods, a piece of good fortune, she replied, teacake I bore him so that he baron die for sons, they took pride in the bravery that had led to that fate.The women were ordered not to mourn, to suffer in tranquility during their son or husbands death. The character of Spartan wom en is marked with uncommon firmness. At the shrine of patriotism they immolated nature. bold bravery and impeached honor was, in their estimation far beyond affection. If a son came home from Sparta without his vindication the mothers wouldnt tolerate a sons act of cowardice and dishonor to Sparta. Sources tell us that a Spartan woman killed her son, who had deserted his post because he was unworthy of Sparta. She declared He was not my offspring Or I did not bear one unworthy of Sparta. The education of women was a uniquely Spartan concept inwardly the polis, Spartan women were well educated and brought up in an orderly fashion to have proper mothers for the state, fake sea wolf (state-owned property) and partake in religious festivals. As Spartan boys were surrendered to the agog (Expatriate instruct program) Spartan girls remained at home with their mothers to get educated, learn reading and writing, as well as being organized into bands for team games and choral singing. In these bands they were taught, and had to regularly perform, choral lyrics of myths that had been immoralities through ancient songs and poems. Many of these poems would have come from the Parthian (a gathering of work composed by Spartan poet Oilcan). Girls also learned the basis (a form of dancing/ drill where the girls do rump Jumps). Whilst in these bands the Spartan women also trained in gymnastics and athletics, such as running, wrestling and Javelin throwing. Spartan women of all ages were encouraged to mix and train with the Spartan men and enter unclouded competitions to get fit and strong.Plato commented on the Spartan womens education there are not only men but women also who pride themselves on their education you can tell that what I say is unbent and that the Spartan have the best education in philosophy. The reasoning behind this idea of physical training is that while Spartan women trained with Spartan men, the men old choose the strongest woman and marry her b ecause if some(prenominal) parents were strong and healthy then they are more likely to give birth to a strong and healthy child, which was of great importance to the Spartan men and especially women as demonstrated in theme 2.Spartan women had a great deal of influence and power on Sprats economy. They were the men of Sparta when their husband and sons were at war or at the agog. The Management of killer was an essential skill for Spartan women. As each expatriate owned a killer, the killer would be inherited by the wives and mothers of Sparta to raise their sons who would eventually inherit the killer. This means that they controlled the family wealthiness which affected the entire Spartan agricultural economy which there fore shows there power on the economy and therefore on Sparta.Spartan male citizens were dependent on their wifes efficiency to pay their dues to the cystitis. The directment of the killer was not Just a responsibility which separated them from women from oth er Greek cities, this role was a pivotal element in the Spartan economy. In Athens and Greece poorer women worked on Sparta, as manual labor and handcrafting was seen as an act for the helots only and his is also exemplified in source 2 as the Spartan women doesnt have cadence to do low acts like handcrafting and manual labor. Her main goal is to produce healthy and fit children and manage the Spartan economy.Aristotle disapproved of the power women wielded in Sparta, especially in the economy, and felt it contributed strongly to the downfall of the once justly polis. In his writing he frequently mentioned that the trend to give women economic power could lead to a contrariety, a government controlled by women. Growth in economic prestige and immense power is patent wrought the story of Princess Kinas, the daughter of King Archaisms and champion of two Olympic chariot team races. This loaded equestrian expert was the owner of a twice Olympic champion chariot team (396 and 392 S C).She dedicate a statue to herself at the Olympic safety in Olympus. Which according to historians indicates that, To compete was a mark of wealth, since horses conduct a great deal of grass and grazing land is not plentiful in Greece and this tells us that as a result women had effective control of plentiful wealth. Archaeological evidence provides us with a deep understanding of how important he role of religion was in Sparta and to Spartan women. Evidence comes from the sanctuary of Artemisia Orator, here hundreds of votive offerings were found and the majority of them were lead figurines in the shape of women.Theories suggest that it is linked to childbirth. This manageable action suggests that pregnant women would make these offerings for three purposes either to ask for a successful childbirth as many women died from giving birth in antiquity, to ask that they bear a strong and healthy son, fit to become a warrior of Sparta or to make offerings to the goddess Aphrodite Hear, when their daughters were married. According to Plutarch, Ulcerous stated that only women who had died giving birth would be allowed to have a marked grave further archaeological evidence reinforces this custom.This shows how important childbirth was to the Spartan in that only women who lost their lives to perpetuate the state were honored as heroes. Yet it is also possible that the female-shaped figurines represented the understanding of importance and deep respect for the maternal figure in Spartan religion as the Spartan took up many female gods from Greek mythology. At the temple of Athena of the Bronze polarity there are numerous bronze tastes of Athena and Aphrodite, typifying the importance of matriarchal figures in Spartan religion.