Is Astrology A Pseudoscience?

Is Astrology A Pseudoscience?In order to ascertain whether or non almostthing is a pseudoscience or fake science, one must first know what pseudoscience is. Here, I am going to illustrate the many different points which distinguished philosophers such(prenominal)(prenominal) as Michael Radner, Densie Radner and Paul Thagard have made on what is a pseudoscience to evaluate astrology, which is the study of how the heavenly bodies such as the planets and the constellations affect us and instead go that Astrology is simply non science, much alike(p)(p) religion or poetry is non like science.Already, if one were to look up Astrology in a collection of online dictionaries, at that place will be definitions such as a pseudoscience claiming divination by the positions of the planets and sun and moon however wether the writer of such definitions knows why or how astrology is a pseudoscience remains a mystery, perhaps they, like the 192 scientists and 19 noble prize winners who signe d the statement against astrology baronet Bok, Paul Kurtz and Lawrence Jerome, support it macrocosm a pseudoscience because it goes against their instincts and rational thinking which is re all(prenominal)y not enough induction for anything to be classified as a pseudoscience. For grammatical case the three intimately important issues raised by the statement which was signed by these scientists proclaimed thatAstrology originated as part of a magical existence view.However so did chemistry (it arose from alchemy) and doctors use to believe that the body was made of humours and today even honour the Hippocratic origins of medicine by sleek over making the Hippocratic Oath.The planets atomic number 18 too distant for in that location to be any physical foundation for astrology.While the planets argon distant, there ar certainly ship expressive style distant objects dirty dog influence our lives. For example if the sun were to explode, that would certainly make an impact upo n our daily lives.People believe in astrology reveal of gradening for comfort.While some people believe astrology out of longing for comfort, so they too, believe in religion or the existence of gravity either eon they jump so that one does not fear that whenever one jumps one may drift off into space and consequently this does not desexualize astrology as a pseudoscience.If there is anything to speak for astrology as a science it would be that astrology uses the scientific method. The scientific method as developed by many scientists like Einstein as well as well known philosophers such as Kuhn, Popper, Feyerabend and Lakatos consists of observation, hypothesis, experimentation and verification. As astrology focuses on observing the location of the sun and the planets as well as their effect on people, which is the basis of astrological charts and readings it clearly satisfies the first condition. When an astrologist makes a chart of someones hand over and makes reading upon that of how their lifespan will be like, that is a hypothesis. The subject living his or her life is the experiment and at the end of their life they sight verify whether or not the reading came true. Verification is strongly focused on the results not falsifying the hypothesis but even for escape of that, does an experiment falsifying the hypothesis make it unscientific? High school chemistry experiments were still science experiments even if the results were not what we expected to them to be. Thus we cannister say, yes astronomy does follow the scientific method, although through experiments such as one conducted by a French psychologist Michel Gauquelin, where he sent the horoscope of a criminal to about 150 people as their horoscope and 94% believed it fit them1, we can see that actual verification may be something difficult to achieve when it comes to astrology, most li fit(predicate) because of how vague and all encompassing the readings prove to be.To some of us, the fact that astrology doesnt make sense in that there are no physical forces in play from planets millions of miles away is enough to declare astrology a pseudoscience. However, as is pointed out by various astrologists, Einsteins theory of curved space searched absurd until it was turn out true and many similarly absurd proposals are still considered science.Philosophers through the ages have also debated (although mostly just agreed) that astronomy is a pseudoscience. One of the most famous strains of science is Karl Poppers theory of falsifiability however astrology cant be classified be a pseudoscience using this. Thagard brought up the points very well in his article Why is astrology a pseudoscience that Popper himself said that no observation ever guarantees falsification because the hypotheses can always be changed and thus falsification can only be a category if a better theory is invented2. Thus although no hypotheses made by astrologists can convince them that astrology d oesnt work, astrology can technically be replaced by a modern day Ptolemy- maybe the composition of the planets affect us instead of the gods that rule them or something and thus is falsifiable.Speaking of the gods however, therein lays one of the greatest weak points that show astrology as something that isnt very scientific. Science is the same through all languages, hydrogen is still an atom made of a proton no matter whether its name is in English or Chinese. The planets, named after Greek gods are not the same across languages yet names of things appear to be of the utmost importance to astrologists. Venus who is named after the goddess of love deals with the emotional side of things mend Mars is the god of war and thus if youre born under the house of Mars you will be evil,warlike and contentious because of your choleric nature3.Even much worrisome is that the 12 zodiac constellations arose from the Babylonians well-nigh the same time the Chinese and Hindus had 28 constell ations. Furthermore, the names of the constellations appear to also affect people who are born when theyre in the sky, for example people that are born when the sun is in the quadrant of the sky where Aries the Ram is are supposed be aggressive and assertive like the animal itself.This leads us to the various marks of pseudoscience that D. and M. Radner have set out of which being able to satisfy any one of these conditions is considered to be unscientific4.Anachronistic ThinkingTheir first demarcation refers to reverting to age old theories that erstwhile held fruition in the sometime(prenominal). Astrology is a sanely age old theory that was the origins of astronomy whereby in the past astrologers were also astronomers and observed the movements of the planets and the stars. As the correlations of the position of the planets and stars appear to have been passed down from the beginning of astrology from observations made on how the planets affect people from thousands of years B .C., this does seem to apply. Furthermore the moon and the sun are still considered planets in astrology and one would think if Astrology was kept up to date, that someone would have outside them from the equation. In comparison, in order to see the effects of drugs on people we have textbooks which would have new-made editions every few years to show new findings and remove findings that have been proven false. The main textbook of astrology is still PtolemysTetrabibloswhich was written in 200 AD. In Thagards article Why astrology is a pseudoscience Thagard also proclaims that astrology is uncritical and unprogressive because it never tries to solve unsolved problems like what happens in natural disasters where people with many difference charts, star signs, houses all die in the same way2.Looking for mysteriesWhile astrology does not appear to be deal with mysteries of human experience such as UFOs, there are many mysteries associated with something that is supposed to be scient ific. If one were to look up the chemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen, one would find the same get along from any knowledgeable chemist. If one were to ask 10 different astrologers for their horoscope, one would find many different readings which opens the questions as to which reading is the correct reading.For example a collaboration of studies show that in a group of 559 astrologers when 5- 30 of them are asked to agree or disagree with a given reading of 762 different birth charts, most of them cant even agree that each chart means the same thing.Appeals to MythsAstrology does not actually appeal to myths, instead a chop-chop browse of the Journal of Astrology web office would show that it does appeal to old readings that have come true6, namely those made to estimate political outcomes and lives and deaths. However, absent on the site are indication of the numbers or examples of death predictions that have not come true.The grab-bag approach to evidenceAstrology does appear to favour large amounts of evidence in that astrologers refer to how many readings in the past have come true (disregarding those that havent) and this method is helped along through the popularity of daily horoscopes in our newspapers whereby every horoscope can most in all probability correspond to every person. In fact the collaboration of 54 studies that have tested astrologers by giving them charts and telling them to match their owners showed that the middling rate of success was the same as if you or I randomly matched them.Irrefutable HypothesesWhile astrology is not irrefutable there are many ways and loopholes which allow it to never reach that point. For example, if a reading is wrong a) the person taking the reading could be deluding themselves and really are what the reading says b) the astrologer could have read it wrong c) The person lied about their location of birth and time d) this particular astrologer made it up but the near may make a true reading. Th e list of possible causes for already vague readings to be wrong that doesnt disprove astrology in any way can go on and on as there is no possible control to be tested (i.e. someone who isnt under the influence of the stars). It is because of the quieten at which these wrong hypothesises can be explained and are explained that causes Popper to claim that astrology is irrational and Kuhn to claim it to be astrologys downfall when it comes to being a science as it means their results will never lead to any sort of further research or progression2,7.Argument from spurious similarityA mark of pseudoscience is that the unscientific has a base of principles which are already part of legitimate science. Astrology definitely has a basis in astronomy however there was once a time where astronomy was based on astrology and the star charts and movements of planets used in astrology would coincide with those used in astronomy.Explanation by scenarioAstrology uses its own laws to explain diff erent readings and conclusions. For example Uranus is likely a cooling planet due to its modern rulership of Saturns traditional sign Aquarius . These rules and laws most likely originated from original scientific observations of the ecliptic rotations of the planets when it was believed that everything revolved around the earth (seeing as the moon and the sun were classified as planets) and then further built upon with various theories from the Gods they are named after, for example Jupiter is the chief of the gods and thus can rule over other gods.Research of ExegesisAstrologers are selective in their use of scientific research, they do not as many pseudo scientists do, which is to simply treat science as statements instead of tone for the reasoning and facts beneath but they do not take into account all scientific research either. For example Michel Gauquelin in an experiment found that there is a greater than chance association of people who are born under Saturns rising or ze nith to be scientists and that example may be used by astrologers as a scientific experiment that supports astrology. However, experiments looking at horoscopes of twins born in the same location and at the same time with drastically different futures lay hidden beneath the carpet.Refusal to rewrite in light of criticismThis mark of pseudoscience is something that relates greatly to astrology. Because the Earth is not perfectly spherical, the axis of the earth tilts back and forth in a 26000 year cycles and due to this, the quadrants the constellations occupy in the sky no longer befit with that of when astrology charts were created thousands of years ago. This is called precession and is a problem that astrologers are yet to coif especially since they continue to make predictions as if the constellations still occupy the same part of the sky they use to.Furthermore with the invention of modern day hospitals and cesarian section births that causes the time of birth to be different by many hours and sometimes preserves a baby that would have otherwise died, there presents lots of problems with something that is metrical from ones birth time.Apart from fore filling many of the marks of pseudoscience D. and M. Radner have listed, astrology is a topic that has been criticized by many philosophers. Diesing pointed out that astrologers do not collaborate with other scientists like many of the sciences do8, Feyerabend compared it to medieval astronomy whereby it had interesting ideas but they werent developed through any kind of proper research in order to understand how it worked9. Grey in a summarization points out that astrology has a lack of controls and has ill defined concepts that cant be slight and are hard to test10. Most of these philosophers seem to agree that while science is continuously being challenged by anomalies, new theories and results which allow it to progress astronomy tends to winnow out these occurrences and thus becomes stagnant.Critici sm for astrology does not only stop here even as far back as 44 BC there existed documented criticism against astrology and example of this would be the critique written by Marcus Tullius Cicero who was a Roman statesman. One of his best points was that people do not expect childrens personality or behaviours to be affected by the weather conditions in which they are born and these conditions obviously have by far more effects on a person than dim lights which shine in the sky. He continues that even if children born in the month of December were in some way to be similar how would one know it is not because they were born in cold weather as opposed to the sun rising while a constellation is in the sky11? This was a very valid point at the time when it was written and thinking along the same lines creates a class of problems which would be difficult for an astrologist to answer such as why doesnt the amount and gender of people in the immediate vicinity of the baby being born affec t the babys personality instead of the stars.ConclusionWhile it is clear that astrology is a pseudoscience as described by many famous philosophers like Thagard, Kuhn and Feyerabend, I propose that astronomy ought to be classified as something that is not science as opposed to fake science. Because astrology was the origins of astronomy and thus is moderately intimately connected with science and yet so obviously not scientific, there has been much debate as to its status. However, I would like to point out that it is the scientists who are implicated with the accuracy and effectiveness of the tests conducted on astrology and that, astrologists, while being dismissive of all negative results and findings are really more concerned with the satisfaction of those that seek their wisdom. Rather, astronomy is really more like a religion where people have faith in things that cannot be seen and is rather victorious at making people feel connected to society. It provides a way for us to describe ourselves and realize qualities in ourselves and generally there are fairly little negative impacts in believing in something like astrology (apart from maybe an unhappy boy who you dont want to date because hes Aquarius).Even better, while it affords the same degree of actual use as a placebo, tests for the accuracy of astrology show as much or as little result as tests for the effectiveness of prayers and instead of having to pay weekly to fund the Church, all you have to do is get your chart made once and from then on, are able to blame the stars for your failings. As Leahey and Leahey said, astrology provides a means for pursuit of happiness and is in a way like a cheap method of psychology where you can discover yourself while letting the stars take the blame for any bad attributes you have and yet be comforted at the same time since there is no God to judge you at the end.